LOOKING AHEAD . UNIT 12

                              LOOKING AHEAD


                   IN UNIT 12 I LEARN HOW TO...


Use will,may, and  might to talk about the future.


use if and when and  the present tense to refer to the future.


Talk about  different  jobs.

                            EXAMPLE:

Future with  will,  may,  and might.


I  can use will to give facts or predictions about the future:


it will be expensive to travel around Europe.


The baby will keep us busy


.I will be 32 in june.


It will not be easy to find a job.



You can use may and might to show that you are not 100 sure about the future:

I may go on for a master's degree.


I might not be able to afford it.


we'll probably take some time off from work.

USE WILL  with expressions like I GUESS,I THING ,MAYBE AND PROBABLY.




PRESENT TENSE VERBS WITH FUTURE MEANING.


When  class is over today, i'm going to go study in my house .


Before I go to bed tonight ,I will probably go dinner for restaurant.


Maybe I will get to santiago next weekend if I have time.


When my English Is totally fluent, I hope I will be able to talk English very well.


If I will earn a lot of money in the next ten years,I may buy a car.


I hope I will be able to win a lot of money   after I retire.


                        VOCABULARY



                          FIREFIGHTER

                         PARAMEDIC.


                          POLICE OFFICER.


                               JOURNALIST.


                               DOCTOR.


                                   NURSE


                              DENTIST.


                                 CARPENTER.


                               PLUMBER.


                                             ELECTRICIAN.

APPEARANCES.UNIT 11

                    apperances unit 11.

In unit 11,I learn how to...

use have and have got to describe people.


use phrases with verb_ing and prepositions to identify people.


talk about what people look like.

                            EXAMPLES:

        This girl is my cousin gladys.

She is tall and thin.

                                  She has pierced ears.

                                             She have got straight hair.

                     She's got straight blonde hair.

She have got black eye.

She is wearing a t shirt white.

She looks nice.

PHRASES WITH  VERB _ING AND PREPOSITIONS.

Who's the tall man in the striped shirt? with the black pants? That is Alejandro.

Who is the woman standing next to Alexander.? the tall blond one? that is Jennifer.

Who is the man in the suit?with his hand in his pocket? That is juan.

which one is andrea? she is the short one wearing the sirt.

Who is the muscular guy in the sweater? wearing jeans? That is carlos 

COMMUNICATION...UNIT..10

            IN UNIT 10,I Iearn how to....

Make comparisons with adjetives.


Use more and less wiht nouns and verbs.


talk about different ways of communicating.
                     Examples:



e mail is cheaper than regular email.

 e cards are harder to open than real cards.

 it's less convenient to send a letter than an e mail.

e mail is good ,but instant messaging is better .

webcam calls are nicer than fhone calls.

text messages are more fun than cell calls.

its terribleto lose your cell fhone ,but its worse to lose your lapto.

                                 

                                     MORE, LESS,FEWER

         WITH COUNTABLE NOUNS

I get more calls than you do.

You get fewer calls than I do.

WITH UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS

I spend more time on the fhone.

You spend less time on the fhone.

            WITH VERBS

She talks more than he does.

He talks less than she does.

Different ways of communicating.

I usually use e mail.It is quicker. 

My father does like to write letter.

I send text messages to my friends all day.

My sister  use a webcam to keep in touch with my brother in law.

Things happen...unit 9

                                      unit.9  
                  things happen

in unit 9,I learn how to...use the past continuous for events in progress in the past.
  
Use myself,yourself,himself,ect.

Use the word and sentence about body parts.

                  Example...

I was going to work on the bus Monday morning,and I was talking to my cousin .I guess I was not paying attention,and I missed my stop.I was half an hour late for a meeting with my new boss.





                                           REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS.
I....                    Myself
you....                yourself 
He....           himself
She....           herself
We....           ourselves
They....        themselves

      
       I berned myself last night.
Did you hurt yourself.
My dad hurt himself at the gym.
My sister  hurt herself at the gym.

                BODY PARTS.

 

UNIT 12

                                       

                                                    WILL, MAY AND MIGTH.

WILL:

*For prediction------------------------------------------------Ex: In 2018 there will be more technology.

*To make a promise or give assurance---------------------Ex: I will back tomorrow.

*To ask for or offer something------------------------------Ex: Will you help me?

MAY AND MIGTH:

May and Might are modal assistants.

They are generally used to ask for permission or to indicate possibility.

As for the possibility, these two modal auxiliaries have the same uses and meanings.

They differ in that May has a greater degree of certainty.

Example:

I may go to the beach tomorrow.

Yoy may use my car.

I might go to the beach tomorrow.

I might open the window.

UNIT 11

APPEARANCES!

Words we need to describe a person:

*Tall       *Short

*Fat         *Old 

*Young     *Heavy

*Long         *Cute

Example:

This is me, I'm not tall, but I'm not small, 

so I'm medium, my skin color is white, 

my face is round like the full moon.

My eyes are round black, my hair is brown,

but I have blonde reflections, my hair is wavy

and short.

My mouth is small like my hands and my feet, 

I also have a very small nose that makes me look like a piggy.

UNIT 10

                                      
                                     GRAMMAR, COMPARATIVE ADJECTIVES.


*Adjective+ -er (short adjectives)

It is nicer to eat pizza than rice.

* more + adjectives 

The cars are more expensive than bicycle.

*less + adejectives 

My mother run less than me.

good------ better  

Apples are better that orange.

bad--------worse

The heat is worse that the cold.




GRAMMAR. More, Less, Fewer

Fewer is not very common. We use it more in wrting.

We use fewer with countable nouns-----------------------------Ex: I get fewer messages than my brother.

We use less with uncountable nouns-----------------------------Ex: I pass less time in the kitchen than in                                                                                                        the bedroom.

UNIT 9

GRAMMAR. PAST CONTINOUS QUESTIONS.

FORM;

Question Word             BE+               Subject+              Verb ING+             Modifier


Ex: Where were you doing the homework last nigth?

       What were you thinking yesterday?



REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS....


Are objects yhat refer to the subject.

They end in (Selft) or (Selves).

Myself                  Ourselves
Yourself                Yourselves
Himself                 Themselves
Herself
Itself

               Example;                                                                          

1. We baked the cake by ourselves.

2. Our cat washes itself after every meal.

UNIT 8

                                     

                                             GRAMMAR: Possessive Pronouns.

1. The green book belong to the teacher, the books belong to her. 

2. Pedro has a blue swater, that blue swater is from him.

3. The pink backpack is mine.

4. Angel has a borrowed book, that book is from us.

5. The class room is yours.

                                         THINGS AT HOME. VOCABULARY

In my house we have 6 rooms, in each room there is a bed, wardrobe, lamp, carpet,  nightstand.

We have two bathrooms in which we have, a mirror, a toilet, a shower, a sink an a little things that we need, in the room there is a coffe table, and table, cushions, lamp, sofa, a lot of pictures of family, a tv and radio, in the kitchen there are a lot of crockery, cabinets, stove, dishwasher, faucet, oven, etc. My favorite place of my house is the kitchen.. oh and my bedroom.

Unit 12 Looking ahead

-How to use the future with will, may, and might.

-Learn how to make predictions and posibilities.

    .We use WILL when we are sure
 
    .  We use MAY and MIGHT when we are             not completily sure.

- Some examples;
   I will study tomorrow; I want to pass the test

 .  I will make my dinner; I'm hungry

 . Where  will we take the Atilano's class?
   I think we might take it on the second floor.

 . Are you having dinner tonight?
     I might have it, but I'm not sure
 
 . How do you think the weather will be tomorrow?
   I think it will sunny tomorrow

  . How do you think the weather might be tomorrow?
    I think it will rain tomorrow
 

Unit 12 Looking ahead

You are going to learn how to .

-Use will -may  -and might to talk about the future.

-Talk about plans and organizing events .

-Use will to make offers and promises.

--we use different verb forms to express the futture ,depending on what we want to say.

+ To make spontaneous decisions we make at  the moment of speaking we use will:

-Can you help make dinner? sure, I´ll peel the the potatotes.

+ To make promise,we use will :
-I`ll pay you back tomorrow .

+ To talk  future facts ,we use Will:
-The president will speak to the nation at four o`clock.

+ To make predictions ,we use Will:
-I think you`ll do well on the exam .

+ To talk about a future event in progress at a point  in the future , we use the future continuous:
-This time next-week ,I`ll be lying on a caribbean beach.

+ TO talk about an interrupted action in the future ,we use the future continuous :
-We`ll be making dinner when you call.

+ To describe the atmosphere in the future ,we use the futture continuous :
-The sun will be shining and the birds will be singing at our wedding .

I`LL = I WILL
YOU`WILL = YOU WILL
HE`LL = HE WILLSHE`LL = SHE WILL
WE`LL = WE WILL
THEY`LL = THEY WILL.                    


                                                           THANKS.

Unit 11 Appearances

Describing people ´´have got =have

Word that you can uses for describing people.

-short     -tall      -young      -old       -thin        -heavy      
-long hair           -short hair    -fat          -dark hair    etc.

--who is Juan my friends Carlos ,he is the short  man that is using the black shirt,
 but there are two short people wearing black shirt ,ok sorry, and please you can tell me other
description ,yes of course .he is older and also he has long and dark hair and a litttle fat too.
thanks my friends .
-- you are a little heavy brother you need to do excercise ,yes man I know ,one years ago
I was so thin and now I am a little fat and you are so tall my friend when we were young you
were very short yes thank God I grew a lot..

Pharases with verb  +-ing and prepositions

-standing       -wearing      -by     -with           -in.

--which one is your son ?
the boy with the short hair and blue shirt.

--who´s the girl talking to the teacher ?
with the black pants?That´s her daughter .

who´s the guy in the red t-shirt?
which one?The one with glasses?That´s Carlos .

Simple Past

FORM

[VERB+ed] or irregular verbs

Examples:

• You called Debbie.
• Did you call Debbie?
• You did not call Debbie.

Complete List of Simple Past Forms

USE 1 Completed Action in the Past

Use the Simple Past to express the idea that an action started and finished at a specific time in the past. Sometimes, the speaker may not actually mention the specific time, but they do have one specific time in mind.

Examples:

• I saw a movie yesterday.
• I didn't see a play yesterday.
• Last year, I traveled to Japan.
• Last year, I didn't travel to Korea.
• Did you have dinner last night?
• She washed her car.
• He didn't wash his car.

USE 2 A Series of Completed Actions

We use the Simple Past to list a series of completed actions in the past. These actions happen 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and so on.

Examples:

• I finished work, walked to the beach, and found a nice place to swim.
• He arrived from the airport at 8:00, checked into the hotel at 9:00, and met the others at 10:00.
• Did you add flour, pour in the milk, and then add the eggs?

USE 3 Duration in Past

The Simple Past can be used with a duration which starts and stops in the past. A duration is a longer action often indicated by expressions such as: for two years, for five minutes, all day, all year, etc.

Examples:

• I lived in Brazil for two years.
• Shauna studied Japanese for five years.
• They sat at the beach all day.
• They did not stay at the party the entire time.
• We talked on the phone for thirty minutes.
• A: How long did you wait for them?
  B: We waited for one hour.

USE 4 Habits in the Past

The Simple Past can also be used to describe a habit which stopped in the past. It can have the same meaning as "used to." To make it clear that we are talking about a habit, we often add expressions such as: always, often, usually, never, when I was a child, when I was younger, etc.

Examples:

• I studied French when I was a child.
• He played the violin.
• He didn't play the piano.
• Did you play a musical instrument when you were a kid?
• She worked at the movie theater after school.
• They never went to school, they always skipped class.

USE 5 Past Facts or Generalizations

The Simple Past can also be used to describe past facts or generalizations which are no longer true. As in USE 4 above, this use of the Simple Past is quite similar to the expression "used to."

Examples:

• She was shy as a child, but now she is very outgoing.
• He didn't like tomatoes before.
• Did you live in Texas when you were a kid?
• People paid much more to make cell phone calls in the past.

IMPORTANT When-Clauses Happen First

Clauses are groups of words which have meaning but are often not complete sentences. Some clauses begin with the word "when" such as "when I dropped my pen..." or "when class began..." These clauses are called when-clauses, and they are very important. The examples below contain when-clauses.

Examples:

• When I paid her one dollar, she answered my question.
• She answered my question when I paid her one dollar.

When-clauses are important because they always happen first when both clauses are in the Simple Past. Both of the examples above mean the same thing: first, I paid her one dollar, and then, she answered my question. It is not important whether "when I paid her one dollar" is at the beginning of the sentence or at the end of the sentence. However, the example below has a different meaning. First, she answered my question, and then, I paid her one dollar.

Example:

• I paid her one dollar when she answered my question.

ADVERB PLACEMENT

The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc.

Examples:

• You just called Debbie.
• Did you just call Debbie?

ACTIVE / PASSIVE

Examples:

• Tom repaired the car. Active
• The car was repaired by Tom. Passive

There is - There are

We use there is and there are to say that something exists.

Positive Sentences

We use there is for singular and there are for plural.

• There is one table in the classroom.
• There are three chairs in the classroom.
• There is a spider in the bath.
• There are many people at the bus stop.

We also use There is with uncountable nouns:

• There is milk in the fridge.
• There is some sugar on the table.
• There is ice cream on your shirt.

Contractions

The contraction of there is is there's.

• There's a good song on the radio.
• There's only one chocolate left in the box.

You cannot contract there are.

• There are nine cats on the roof.
• There are only five weeks until my birthday.

Negative Form

The negative is formed by putting not after is or are:

• There is not a horse in the field.
• There are not eight children in the school.
• There is not a tree in the garden.
• There are not two elephants in the zoo.

We almost always use contractions when speaking.

The Negative contractions are:

• There's not = There isn't
• There are not = There aren't

There aren't with ANY

When we want to indicate that a zero quantity of something exists we use there aren't any.

• There aren't any people at the party.
• There aren't any trees in my street.

We also use this structure with uncountable nouns:

• There isn't any water in the swimming pool.
• There isn't any sugar in my coffee.

Questions

To form a question we place is / are in front of there.

Again we use any with plural questions or those which use uncountable nouns.

We also use there is / are in short answers.

• Is there a dog in the supermarket? - No, there isn't.
• Are there any dogs in the park? - Yes, there are.
• Is there a security guard in the shop? - Yes, there is.
• Are there any polar bears in Antarctica? - No, there aren't.
• Is there any ice-cream in the freezer? - Yes, there is.

How Many with Are There

If we want to find out the number of objects that exist we use How many in the following form:

How many + plural noun + are there (+ complement).

• How many dogs are there in the park?
• How many students are there in your class?
• How many countries are there in South America?
• How many Star Wars films are there?

Past continuous

FORM

[was/were + present participle]

Examples:

• You were studying when she called.
• Were you studying when she called?
• You were not studying when she called.

Complete List of Past Continuous Forms

USE 1 Interrupted Action in the Past

Use the Past Continuous to indicate that a longer action in the past was interrupted. The interruption is usually a shorter action in the Simple Past. Remember this can be a real interruption or just an interruption in time.

Examples:

• I was watching TV when she called.
• When the phone rang, she was writing a letter.
• While we were having the picnic, it started to rain.
• What were you doing when the earthquake started?
• I was listening to my iPod, so I didn't hear the fire alarm.
• You were not listening to me when I told you to turn the oven off.
• While John was sleeping last night, someone stole his car.
• Sammy was waiting for us when we got off the plane.
• While I was writing the email, the computer suddenly went off.
• A: What were you doing when you broke your leg?
  B: I was snowboarding.

USE 2 Specific Time as an Interruption

In USE 1, described above, the Past Continuous is interrupted by a shorter action in the Simple Past. However, you can also use a specific time as an interruption.

Examples:

• Last night at 6 PM, I was eating dinner.
• At midnight, we were still driving through the desert.
• Yesterday at this time, I was sitting at my desk at work.

IMPORTANT

In the Simple Past, a specific time is used to show when an action began or finished. In the Past Continuous, a specific time only interrupts the action.

Examples:

• Last night at 6 PM, I ate dinner.
  I started eating at 6 PM.
• Last night at 6 PM, I was eating dinner.
  I started earlier; and at 6 PM, I was in the process of eating dinner.

USE 3 Parallel Actions

When you use the Past Continuous with two actions in the same sentence, it expresses the idea that both actions were happening at the same time. The actions are parallel.

Examples:

• I was studying while he was making dinner.
• While Ellen was reading, Tim was watching television.
• Were you listening while he was talking?
• I wasn't paying attention while I was writing the letter, so I made several mistakes.
• What were you doing while you were waiting?
• Thomas wasn't working, and I wasn't working either.
• They were eating dinner, discussing their plans, and having a good time.

USE 4 Atmosphere

In English, we often use a series of parallel actions to describe the atmosphere at a particular time in the past.

Example:

• When I walked into the office, several people were busily typing, some were talking on the phones, the boss was yelling directions, and customers were waiting to be helped. One customer was yelling at a secretary and waving his hands. Others were complaining to each other about the bad service.

USE 5 Repetition and Irritation with "Always"

The Past Continuous with words such as "always" or "constantly" expresses the idea that something irritating or shocking often happened in the past. The concept is very similar to the expression "used to" but with negative emotion. Remember to put the words "always" or "constantly" between "be" and "verb+ing."

Examples:

• She was always coming to class late.
• He was constantly talking. He annoyed everyone.
• I didn't like them because they were always complaining.

While vs. When

Clauses are groups of words which have meaning, but are often not complete sentences. Some clauses begin with the word "when" such as "when she called" or "when it bit me." Other clauses begin with "while" such as "while she was sleeping" and "while he was surfing." When you talk about things in the past, "when" is most often followed by the verb tense Simple Past, whereas "while" is usually followed by Past Continuous. "While" expresses the idea of "during that time." Study the examples below. They have similar meanings, but they emphasize different parts of the sentence.

Examples:

• I was studying when she called.
• While I was studying, she called.

REMEMBER Non-Continuous Verbs / Mixed Verbs

It is important to remember that Non-Continuous Verbs cannot be used in any continuous tenses. Also, certain non-continuous meanings for Mixed Verbs cannot be used in continuous tenses. Instead of using Past Continuous with these verbs, you must use Simple Past.

Examples:

• Jane was being at my house when you arrived. Not Correct
• Jane was at my house when you arrived. Correct

ADVERB PLACEMENT

The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc.

Examples:

• You were just studying when she called.
• Were you just studying when she called?

ACTIVE / PASSIVE

Examples:

• The salesman was helping the customer when the thief came into the store. Active
• The customer was being helped by the salesman when the thief came into the store. Passive

Adjective + to ... (El infinitivo después de adjetivos)

)	Compara estas dos frases:

Jim doesn't speak clearly.	a	It is difficult to understand him.
	b	He is difficult to understand.
Las frases a y b tienen el mismo significa (es difícil entenderle). Pero toma nota de como decimos "He is difficult to understand." y no "He is difficult to understand him."

a)	En ingles se puede utilizar la estructura de la frase a después de difficult/easy/impossible/hard y algunos otros verbos (adjetivo, verbo infinitivo):

Ejemplo
Ingles:	It is easy to ride a bicycle, you just need to practice a little more.
Español:	Es fácil montar en bicicleta, solo tienes que practicar un poco más.

b)	En ingles también se puede utilizar esta estructura con adjetivo + sustantivo + verbo infinitivo:

Ejemplo
Ingles:	That is a difficult question to answer.
Español:	Esa es una pregunta difícil de responder.

2)	En ingles se utiliza el infinitivo después de the first / the second / the third, etc., y también después de the next y the last:

Ejemplo
Ingles:	We were the first to know about the accident.
Español:	Fuimos los primeros en saber del accidente.

3)	En ingles se puede utilizar el infinitivo después de algunos adjetivos para hablar de como alguien se siente acerca de algo:

Ejemplo
Ingles:	I am happy to know that you are coming to visit us for the summer.
Español:	Estoy contento de saber que vienes a visitarnos por el verano.

Otros adjetivos que se pueden utilizar de esta forma:

happy pleased disappointed glad sad relieved amazed astonished

4)	Notese la estructura (it is) nice of someone to do something.

Ejemplo
Ingles:	It was nice of you to help me with the car this morning.
Español:	Fue amable de tu parte ayudarme con el coche esta mañana

Mean Sentence

• I did not mean to hurt you.
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• I don't mean to chase you out.
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• If you had called these sensations respectively BLACK and WHITE, he would have adopted them as readily; but he would mean by BLACK and WHITE the same things that he means by SWEET and SOUR.
  8

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• "It's good to be home," he whispered, "with the people who mean the most to me."
  6

  3
• I mean... he rode ahead so he could make arrangements before you arrived.
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  3
• I mean - does he tell you what to cook for supper and what to wear?
  5

  2
• We could take two wagons, but that would mean we'd have to travel slow, and there wouldn't be any animals for riding except Bordeaux's horse.
  5

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• You mean he thinks that he has to take care of his mother, now that his father is gone?
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• It grieves me to think that I have been the cause of his unhappiness, but of course I did not mean to do it.
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• I know he did not mean to say it, but it came out accidently.
  4

  1
• I wanted to live deep and suck out all the marrow of life, to live so sturdily and Spartan-like as to put to rout all that was not life, to cut a broad swath and shave close, to drive life into a corner, and reduce it to its lowest terms, and, if it proved to be mean, why then to get the whole and genuine meanness of it, and publish its meanness to the world; or if it were sublime, to know it by experience, and be able to give a true account of it in my next excursion.
  3
• You mean we're that close?
  3
• I don't mean to insult them.
  3
• They are always asking: What does this beauty or that music mean to you?
  3
• All that is beautiful, but what do we, I mean the Austrian court, care for your victories?
  12

  9
• I mean, you let Dulce believe you talked me into this surrogacy thing.
  7

  5
• "What do you mean by that?" asked the little Wizard, greatly puzzled.
  7

  5
• I mean, I could still have my business in town.
  5

  3
• "I didn't mean to wake you," he whispered as he crawled into bed.
  5

  3
• This does not mean, however, that she always uses them correctly.
  4

  2
• That it would mean people would no longer know their neighbors?
  3

  1
• I realized what the Orientals mean by contemplation and the forsaking of works.
  3

  1
• As the pace of Internet technology's advance keeps quickening, it will not only reveal (and answer) latent desires we never knew we had, but it also will increasingly mean tasks that have been technically impossible will become possible.
  3

  1
• Her recent training has taught her to drop a good deal of her conventionality and to write about experiences in her life which are peculiar to her and which, like the storm in the wild cherry tree, mean most and call for the truest phrasing.
  2
• In the mean time, maybe if she stopped running, he'd stop chasing.
  2
• "But what do you mean by living only for yourself?" asked Pierre, growing excited.
  2
• I had more visitors while I lived in the woods than at any other period in my life; I mean that I had some.
  2
• My dear, what does it mean?... she asked, turning to Princess Mary.
  2
• I didn't mean to pry.
  2
• You mean an employee.
  2

  1
• "Didn't know what land it was, my son," returned the other, with a pleasant smile; "and, to be honest, I didn't mean to visit you when I started out.
  2

  1
• Well, Michael Ivanovich," he suddenly went on, raising his head and pointing to the plan of the building, "tell me how you mean to alter it...."
• The doctor said this restlessness did not mean anything and was due to physical causes; but Princess Mary thought he wished to tell her something, and the fact that her presence always increased his restlessness confirmed her opinion.
• Princess Mary raised herself on the sofa on which she had been lying and replied through the closed door that she did not mean to go away and begged to be left in peace.
• What do you mean? demanded Pierre, blushing.
• He had not decided what it should mean when he heard the voice of the eldest princess at the door asking whether she might come in.
• "Then it will mean that I must go to the army," said Pierre to himself.
• "You mean the left flank?" asked Kaysarov.
• "Yes--that is, how do you mean?" said Pierre.
• "And what does he mean by 'One of my eyes was sore but now I am on the lookout with both'?" asked Pierre.
• "Whom do you mean, Aunt?" asked Nicholas.
• Assuming that she did go down to see him, Princess Mary imagined the words he would say to her and what she would say to him, and these words sometimes seemed undeservedly cold and then to mean too much.
  1

  2

Read more at http://sentence.yourdictionary.com/mean#AAEHhVJvUEmGYRPt.99